Typology of deafblindness: an integrated model aligned with the stages of sensory development

Abstract

Human perception is mediated by multiple senses, with particular emphasis on vision and hearing, both in technological development and in language use. This reliance poses significant challenges for individuals with deafblindness, affecting their emotional well-being, health, social interaction, and knowledge acquisition. Language development and social abstraction in this context follow progressive stages—from pre-verbal communication (0–12 months) to the senior stage (60+ years)—, which shape how meaning is constructed and expressed throughout life. However, traditional classifications of deafblindness often fail to reflect this complexity, treating the condition as a homogeneous disability. This limits both theoretical understanding and the design of effective interventions. In response, this paper proposes a more inclusive model that acknowledges the diverse dimensions of deafblindness. The model organises individuals into two main groups (congenital and acquired disability), encompassing six categories and 2,256 distinct profiles. These profiles are critical to understanding the individual needs and potentials of deafblind persons, enabling the development of more tailored and effective strategies for their social and educational inclusion. Recognising the nuanced experiences of this population is essential for advancing assistive technologies, inclusive public policies, and educational practices that reflect the realities of deafblind individuals. This model offers a transformative perspective on how we approach inclusion, grounded in complexity and respect for diversity.