Covid-19 e indivíduos cegos e com baixa visão
Palavras-chave:
COVID-19, Deficiência, Cegueira, Baixa visão, Emergência em saúde pública, Inclusão
Resumo
A deficiência visual, que abrange indivíduos cegos e com baixa visão, é uma das principais deficiências relatadas, acometendo cerca de 2,2 milhões de pessoas no mundo, das quais mais de dois terços vivem em países de baixa ou média renda. A pandemia de COVID-19, causada pelo SARS-CoV-2, apresenta-se como um cenário desafiador para essa população vulnerável, com impactos adversos à saúde e adversidades diárias, que poderiam ser evitadas por meio de um planejamento comunitário mais inclusivo. Esses indivíduos, em sua maioria, vão reconhecer o mundo por meio do tato, utilizando as mãos para ler, locomover-se e identificar o mundo à sua volta. Soma-se a esse cenário o fato de que uma parcela importante desses indivíduos possuem múltiplas deficiências, muitas vezes também associadas a comorbidades pré-existentes, com destaque para diabetes mellitus, uma das principais causas de cegueira em adultos. O atual cenário representa não só um desafio para indivíduos cegos e com baixa visão, mas uma oportunidade para o desenvolvimento de estratégias inclusivas em saúde.
Referências
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BOURNE, R. R. A. et al. Magnitude, temporal trends, and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health, 5, n. 9, p. e888-e897, set. 2017.
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BRASIL. Coronavírus Brasil. Brasília, 2020. Disponível em: https://covid.saude.gov.br/. Acesso em: 5 jul. 2020.
CASTRO, H. C. et al. COVID-19: don’t forget deaf people. Nature, 579, n. 7799, p. 343, mar. 2020.
COURTENAY, K.; PERERA, B. COVID-19 and people with intellectual disability: impacts of a pandemic. Ir J Psychol Med, p. 1-6, may 2020.
COUTO JUNIOR, A.; OLIVEIRA, L. A. G. As principais causas de cegueira e baixa visão em escola para deficientes visuais. Rev.Bras. Oftalmol., 75, n. 1, p. 26-29, 2016.
CRODA, J. et al. COVID-19 in Brazil: advantages of a socialized unified health system and preparation to contain cases. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop., 53, p. e20200167, 2020.
INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA. Censo demográfico 2010, características gerais da população, religião e pessoas com deficiência. Rio de Janeiro, 2010. Disponível em: https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/populacao/9662-censo-demografico2010.html. Acesso em: 10 jun. 2020
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KAMPF, G. et al. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect, 104, n. 3, p. 246-251, mar. 2020.
KRAHN, G. L.; WALKER, D. K.; CORREA-DE-ARAUJO, R. Persons with disabilities as an unrecognized health disparity population. Am J Public Health, 105 Suppl 2, p. S198-206, apr. 2015.
KUPER, H. et al. Disability-inclusive COVID-19 response: What it is, why it is important and what we can learn from the United Kingdom’s response. Wellcome Open Res, 5, p. 79, 2020.
LANDES, S. C.; STEVENS, D.; TURK, M. A. Covid-19 and pneumonia: Increased risk for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities during the pandemic. United States of America, 2020. Disponível em: https://lernercenter.syr.edu/2020/04/27/covid-19-and-pneumoniaincreasedrisk-for-individuals-with intellectual-and-developmental-disabilitiesduringthe. Acesso em: 10 jun. 2020.
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MESA VIEIRA, C. et al. COVID-19: The forgotten priorities of the pandemic. Maturitas, 136, p. 38-41, jun. 2020.
NEGRINI, S. et al. Up to 2.2 million people experiencing disability suffer collateral damage each day of Covid-19 lockdown in Europe. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, may 2020.
OKONKWO, N. E. et al. COVID-19 and the US response: accelerating health inequities. BMJ Evid Based Med, jun. 2020.
OLULANA, O. et al. Regional Association of Disability and SARS-CoV-2 Infection in 369 Counties of the United States. MedRxiv, jun. 2020.
PHILLIPS, D. et al. The invisible workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic: Family carers at the frontline. HRB Open Res, 3, p. 24, 2020.
PINEDA, V. S.; CORBURN, J. Disability, Urban Health Equity, and the Coronavirus Pandemic: Promoting Cities for All. J Urban Health, 97, n. 3, p. 336-341, jun. 2020.
REN, S. Y. et al. Stability and infectivity of coronaviruses in inanimate environments. World J Clin Cases, 8, n. 8, p. 1391-1399, apr. 2020.
RODRÍGUEZ-COLA, M. et al. Clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a cohort of patients with disability due to spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Ser Cases, 6, n. 1, p. 39, may 2020.
SCHIARITI, V. The human rights of children with disabilities during health emergencies: the challenge of COVID-19. Dev Med Child Neurol, 62, n. 6, p. 661, jun. 2020.
SHEW, A. Let COVID-19 expand awareness of disability tech. Nature, 581, n. 7806, p. 9, may 2020.
SENJAM, S. S. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on people living with visual disability. Indian J Ophthalmol, 68, n. 7, p. 1367-1370, jul. 2020.
SPENCER, C. et al. Disparities in access to medical care for individuals with vision impairment. Ophthalmic Epidemiol, 16, n. 5, p. 281-288, 2009 sep-oct 2009.
STILLMAN, M. D. et al. COVID-19 and spinal cord injury and disease: results of an international survey. Spinal Cord Ser Cases, 6, n. 1, p. 21, mar. 2020.
THE LANCET. Prioritising disability in universal health coverage. Lancet, 394, n. 10194, p. 187, jul. 2019.
THELWALL, M.; LEVITT, J. M. Retweeting Covid-19 disability issues: risks, support and outrage. El Prof Inf 29, n. 2, 2020.
TURK, M. A. et al. Intellectual and developmental disability and COVID-19 case-fatality trends: TriNetX analysis. Disabil Health J, p. 100942, may 2020.
TURK, M. A.; MCDERMOTT, S. The Covid-19 pandemic and people with disability. Disabil Health J, p. 100944, may 2020.
VAN DOREMALEN, N. et al. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med, 382, n. 16, p. 1564-1567, apr., 2020.
VIDELEFSKY, A. S. et al. Addressing Health Disparities in Adults with Developmental Disabilities. Ethn Dis, 29, n. Suppl 2, p. 355-358, 2019.
WID. Recommendations for immediate action regarding: the rights & needs of people with disabilities who use personal assistance services & supports throughout COVID-19 Planning & Response. United States of America, 2020. Disponível em: https://wid.org/2020/03/12/recommendations-for-immediate-covid-19-action/. Acesso em: 15 jun. 2020.
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WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. World Report on Vision. Geneva, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/publications detail/world report on vision. Acesso em: 25 jun. 2020.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Disability considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak. Geneva, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Disability-2020-1. Acesso em: 10 jun. 2020.
WOOD, J. M. et al. Risk of falls, injurious falls, and other injuries resulting from visual impairment among older adults with age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 52, n. 8, p. 5088-5092, jul. 2011.
YAN, Y. et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care, 8, n. 1, 04 2020.
BANKS, L. M.; KUPER, H.; POLACK, S. Poverty and disability in low- and middle- income countries: A systematic review. PLoS One, 12, n. 12, p. e0189996, 2017.
BASTOS, L. S. et al. COVID-19 and hospitalizations for SARI in Brazil: a comparison up to the 12th epidemiological week of 2020. Cad. Saúde Pública, 36, n. 4, p. e00070120, 2020.
BOURNE, R. R. A. et al. Magnitude, temporal trends, and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health, 5, n. 9, p. e888-e897, set. 2017.
BOYLE, C. A. et al. The public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic for people with disabilities. Disabil Health J, p. 100943, may 2020.
BRASIL. Coronavírus Brasil. Brasília, 2020. Disponível em: https://covid.saude.gov.br/. Acesso em: 5 jul. 2020.
CASTRO, H. C. et al. COVID-19: don’t forget deaf people. Nature, 579, n. 7799, p. 343, mar. 2020.
COURTENAY, K.; PERERA, B. COVID-19 and people with intellectual disability: impacts of a pandemic. Ir J Psychol Med, p. 1-6, may 2020.
COUTO JUNIOR, A.; OLIVEIRA, L. A. G. As principais causas de cegueira e baixa visão em escola para deficientes visuais. Rev.Bras. Oftalmol., 75, n. 1, p. 26-29, 2016.
CRODA, J. et al. COVID-19 in Brazil: advantages of a socialized unified health system and preparation to contain cases. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop., 53, p. e20200167, 2020.
INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA. Censo demográfico 2010, características gerais da população, religião e pessoas com deficiência. Rio de Janeiro, 2010. Disponível em: https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/populacao/9662-censo-demografico2010.html. Acesso em: 10 jun. 2020
INTERNATIONAL DISABILITY ALLIANCE. Experiences of Deafblind Persons during the COVID-19 Outbreak. Geneva, 2020a. Disponível em: http://www.internationaldisabilityalliance.org/content/experiences-deafblind-amid-covid-19-outbreak. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2020.
INTERNATIONAL DISABILITY ALLIANCE. The experience of a blind woman in Kenya under COVID-19 outbreak. Geneva, 2020b. Disponível em: http://www.internationaldisabilityalliance.org/covid19-blind-kenya. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2020.
JOHN, E.; THOMAS, G.; TOUCHET, A. The disability price tag. United Kingdom, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.scope.org.uk/campaigns/extra-costs/disabilityprice-tag/. Acesso em: 15 jun. 2020.
KAMPF, G. et al. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect, 104, n. 3, p. 246-251, mar. 2020.
KRAHN, G. L.; WALKER, D. K.; CORREA-DE-ARAUJO, R. Persons with disabilities as an unrecognized health disparity population. Am J Public Health, 105 Suppl 2, p. S198-206, apr. 2015.
KUPER, H. et al. Disability-inclusive COVID-19 response: What it is, why it is important and what we can learn from the United Kingdom’s response. Wellcome Open Res, 5, p. 79, 2020.
LANDES, S. C.; STEVENS, D.; TURK, M. A. Covid-19 and pneumonia: Increased risk for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities during the pandemic. United States of America, 2020. Disponível em: https://lernercenter.syr.edu/2020/04/27/covid-19-and-pneumoniaincreasedrisk-for-individuals-with intellectual-and-developmental-disabilitiesduringthe. Acesso em: 10 jun. 2020.
LANDES, S. D.; STEVENS, J. D.; TURK, M. A. Obscuring effect of coding developmental disability as the underlying cause of death on mortality trends for adults with developmental disability: a cross-sectional study using US Mortality Data from 2012 to 2016. BMJ Open, 9, n. 2, p. e026614, feb. 2019.
LI, Q. et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med, 382, n. 13, p. 1199-1207, mar. 2020.
LI, X. et al. Transmission dynamics and evolutionary history of 2019-nCoV. J Med Virol, 92, n. 5, p. 501-511, may 2020.
LUCKASSON, R.; SCHALOCK, R. L. A balanced approach to decision-making in supporting people with IDD in extraordinarily challenging times. Res Dev Disabil, 105, p. 103719, jun. 2020.
MESA VIEIRA, C. et al. COVID-19: The forgotten priorities of the pandemic. Maturitas, 136, p. 38-41, jun. 2020.
NEGRINI, S. et al. Up to 2.2 million people experiencing disability suffer collateral damage each day of Covid-19 lockdown in Europe. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, may 2020.
OKONKWO, N. E. et al. COVID-19 and the US response: accelerating health inequities. BMJ Evid Based Med, jun. 2020.
OLULANA, O. et al. Regional Association of Disability and SARS-CoV-2 Infection in 369 Counties of the United States. MedRxiv, jun. 2020.
PHILLIPS, D. et al. The invisible workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic: Family carers at the frontline. HRB Open Res, 3, p. 24, 2020.
PINEDA, V. S.; CORBURN, J. Disability, Urban Health Equity, and the Coronavirus Pandemic: Promoting Cities for All. J Urban Health, 97, n. 3, p. 336-341, jun. 2020.
REN, S. Y. et al. Stability and infectivity of coronaviruses in inanimate environments. World J Clin Cases, 8, n. 8, p. 1391-1399, apr. 2020.
RODRÍGUEZ-COLA, M. et al. Clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a cohort of patients with disability due to spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Ser Cases, 6, n. 1, p. 39, may 2020.
SCHIARITI, V. The human rights of children with disabilities during health emergencies: the challenge of COVID-19. Dev Med Child Neurol, 62, n. 6, p. 661, jun. 2020.
SHEW, A. Let COVID-19 expand awareness of disability tech. Nature, 581, n. 7806, p. 9, may 2020.
SENJAM, S. S. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on people living with visual disability. Indian J Ophthalmol, 68, n. 7, p. 1367-1370, jul. 2020.
SPENCER, C. et al. Disparities in access to medical care for individuals with vision impairment. Ophthalmic Epidemiol, 16, n. 5, p. 281-288, 2009 sep-oct 2009.
STILLMAN, M. D. et al. COVID-19 and spinal cord injury and disease: results of an international survey. Spinal Cord Ser Cases, 6, n. 1, p. 21, mar. 2020.
THE LANCET. Prioritising disability in universal health coverage. Lancet, 394, n. 10194, p. 187, jul. 2019.
THELWALL, M.; LEVITT, J. M. Retweeting Covid-19 disability issues: risks, support and outrage. El Prof Inf 29, n. 2, 2020.
TURK, M. A. et al. Intellectual and developmental disability and COVID-19 case-fatality trends: TriNetX analysis. Disabil Health J, p. 100942, may 2020.
TURK, M. A.; MCDERMOTT, S. The Covid-19 pandemic and people with disability. Disabil Health J, p. 100944, may 2020.
VAN DOREMALEN, N. et al. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med, 382, n. 16, p. 1564-1567, apr., 2020.
VIDELEFSKY, A. S. et al. Addressing Health Disparities in Adults with Developmental Disabilities. Ethn Dis, 29, n. Suppl 2, p. 355-358, 2019.
WID. Recommendations for immediate action regarding: the rights & needs of people with disabilities who use personal assistance services & supports throughout COVID-19 Planning & Response. United States of America, 2020. Disponível em: https://wid.org/2020/03/12/recommendations-for-immediate-covid-19-action/. Acesso em: 15 jun. 2020.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. WHO global disability action plan 2014-2021: Better health for all people with disability. WHO, Geneva, 2015. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/disabilities/actionplan/en/. Acesso em: 30 jun. 2020.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. World Report on Vision. Geneva, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/publications detail/world report on vision. Acesso em: 25 jun. 2020.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Disability considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak. Geneva, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Disability-2020-1. Acesso em: 10 jun. 2020.
WOOD, J. M. et al. Risk of falls, injurious falls, and other injuries resulting from visual impairment among older adults with age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 52, n. 8, p. 5088-5092, jul. 2011.
YAN, Y. et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care, 8, n. 1, 04 2020.
Publicado
2021-05-28
Seção
Ensaios e Revisões de Literatura
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